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A French braid, also called a French plait, is a type of braided hairstyle. The three-strand gathered plait includes three sections of hair that are braided together from the crown of the head to the nape of the neck.

In the simplest form of three-strand braid, all the hair is initially divided into three sections, which are then simultaneously gathered together near the scalp. In contrast, a French braid starts with three small sections of hair near the crown of the head, which are then braided together toward the nape of the neck, gradually adding more hair to each section as it crosses in from the side into the center of the braid structure. The final result incorporates all of the hair into a smoothly woven pattern over the scalp.

If the main mass of hair is initially parted into two or more sections along the scalp that are kept separate from one another, multiple French braids may be created, each in its own section. The length of hair plays a role in the ability to braid; shorter hair can be more of a challenge. Bobby pins can be useful when braiding shorter hair or hair with many different layers to keep all of the hair in the French braid in place. There are many different ways of French braiding that make it unique; for example, a person can braid at a slant, braid into a bun, or only braid the bangs (fringe).

Compared to the simplest form of hair braid, a French braid has several practical advantages: it can restrain hair from the top of the head that is too short to reach the nape of the neck, and it spreads the weight and tension of the braid across a larger portion of the scalp. Its sleek appearance is often regarded as being elegant and sophisticated. A French braid is more difficult to construct than a simple braid because of its greater complexity. When performed on one’s own hair, it also requires a more prolonged elevation of the hands above the back of the head, and leaves more tangled hair along the scalp when unbraiding.

In this style of braid, start on top of the head and braid it till the end of the hair. Braiding in this manner can be done with different braid types but the most popular are the classic braid and the fishtail braid.^[1] A sister braid to the French braid is the Spanish braid. The Spanish braid is like a French braid but in the beginning, instead of grabbing three sections of hair, only two are used.

The phrase “French braid” appears in an 1871 issue of Arthur’s Home Magazine, used in a piece of short fiction (“Our New Congressman” by March Westland) that describes it as a new hairstyle (“do up your hair in that new French braid”).^[2] However, no visual illustrations are provided for that context, making it impossible to tell whether it refers to the same hairstyle described above.

Variations on this hairstyle include:

• Dutch braid: A Dutch braid (also called an inverted French braid or reverse French braid or pineapple braid) is created when the three hair sections are crossed under each other, instead of over. It results in the look of a braid standing up from the rest of the hair, instead of being under the hair.
• Fishtail braid: A fishtail braid resembles a French braid in its smoothly woven appearance, but divides the hair into only two sections instead of three. A small piece of each section is passed over to the other section over and over to form the braid. This style was called the “Grecian braid” in the 19th century.^[3]
• Variations of the French braid are also used to prepare horses’ tails for showing polo and polocrosse.^[4]

• 
  A Dutch braid, otherwise known as an inverted French braid. The braid is above the hair instead of beneath it like normal French braids.
• 
  Various braids combined to look like a French and Dutch braid.
• Video demonstrating Dutch braided cornrows

• French twist (hairstyle)
• List of hairstyles
• Ponytail

• Media related to French braid at Wikimedia Commons
• The dictionary definition of french braid at Wiktionary

In knot theory, a branch of mathematics, a twist knot is a knot obtained by repeatedly twisting a closed loop and then linking the ends together. (That is, a twist knot is any Whitehead double of an unknot.) The twist knots are an infinite family of knots, and are considered the simplest type of knots after the torus knots.

A twist knot is obtained by linking together the two ends of a twisted loop. Any number of half-twists may be introduced into the loop before linking, resulting in an infinite family of possibilities. The following figures show the first few twist knots:

• 
  One half-twist
  (trefoil knot, 3₁)
• 
  Two half-twists
  (figure-eight knot, 4₁)
• 
  Three half-twists
  (5₂ knot)
• 
  Four half-twists
  (stevedore knot, 6₁)
• 
  Five half-twists
  (7₂ knot)
• 
  Six half-twists
  (8₁ knot)

All twist knots have unknotting number one, since the knot can be untied by unlinking the two ends. Every twist knot is also a 2-bridge knot.^[1] Of the twist knots, only the unknot and the stevedore knot are slice knots.^[2] A twist knot with ${\displaystyle n}$ half-twists has crossing number ${\displaystyle n+2}$. All twist knots are invertible, but the only amphichiral twist knots are the unknot and the figure-eight knot.

The invariants of a twist knot depend on the number ${\displaystyle n}$ of half-twists. The Alexander polynomial of a twist knot is given by the formula

${\displaystyle \Delta (t)={\begin{cases}{\frac {n+1}{2}}t-n+{\frac {n+1}{2}}t^{-1}&{\text{if }}n{\text{ is odd}}\\-{\frac {n}{2}}t+(n+1)-{\frac {n}{2}}t^{-1}&{\text{if }}n{\text{ is even,}}\\\end{cases}}}$

and the Conway polynomial is

${\displaystyle \nabla (z)={\begin{cases}{\frac {n+1}{2}}z^{2}+1&{\text{if }}n{\text{ is odd}}\\1-{\frac {n}{2}}z^{2}&{\text{if }}n{\text{ is even.}}\\\end{cases}}}$

When ${\displaystyle n}$ is odd, the Jones polynomial is

${\displaystyle V(q)={\frac {1+q^{-2}+q^{-n}-q^{-n-3}}{q+1}},}$

and when ${\displaystyle n}$ is even, it is

${\displaystyle V(q)={\frac {q^{3}+q-q^{3-n}+q^{-n}}{q+1}}.}$

Some consider that a French bowline is the same as a Portuguese bowline, i.e. a bowline with two loops that can be used as a bosun’s chair.

A different knot is however also known as a French bowline.

This form of bowline is similar to a standard bowline but there are several loops so that there is less likelihood of damage to a delicate object secured by the bowline. As with a standard bowline, the knot cannot tighten. Pressure is distributed over a wider area than in the case of a standard bowline.
The main advantage of this method is that the knot can be tied with one hand.

A convenient way to tie a French bowline can be:

• 
  1. Wind the running end several times round the object to be tied, leaving enough running end for one further turn.
• 
  2. Form a loop in the standing end.
• 
  3. Pass this behind the winds in the running end until it projects beyond these.
• 
  4. Form a bight in the standing end and push this through the loop.
• 
  5. Bring the running end behind and through the bight.
• 
  6. Pull on the standing end to pull the bight back through the loop and form the knot.

A turn is one round of rope on a pin or cleat, or one round of a coil.^[6] Turns can be made around various objects, through rings, or around the standing part of the rope itself or another rope. A turn also denotes a component of a knot.

When the legs of a loop are brought together and crossed, the rope has taken a turn.^[7] One distinguishes between single turn, round turn, and two round turns depending on the number of revolutions around an object. The benefit of round turns is best understood from the capstan equation.

A riding turn is a section of rope that passes on top of another section of rope, often parallel or at only a slight angle to the section below. Examples of riding turns can be seen in both the constrictor knot and the strangle knot. The second course of wrappings in some seizing knots can be referred to as riding turns. The formation of an unintentional riding turn on a sailing winch can cause it to jam.

Single hitch
Category	Hitch
Origin	Ancient
Related	half hitch
Releasing	Non-jamming
Typical use	Used effectively to form many other knots.
Caveat	Spills, unreliable as a hitch used on its own.
ABoK	#49

A single hitch is a type of knot. This hitch is actually a turn tied around an object where the end is secured by its own standing part.^[8]

• List of knots

In the mathematical field of topology, a free loop is a variant of the notion of a loop. Whereas a loop has a distinguished point on it, called its basepoint, a free loop lacks such a distinguished point. Formally, let ${\displaystyle X}$ be a topological space. Then a free loop in ${\displaystyle X}$ is an equivalence class of continuous functions from the circle ${\displaystyle S^{1}}$ to ${\displaystyle X}$. Two loops are equivalent if they differ by a reparameterization of the circle. That is, ${\displaystyle f\sim g}$ if there exists a homeomorphism ${\displaystyle \psi :S^{1}\rightarrow S^{1}}$ such that ${\displaystyle g=f\circ \psi .}$

Thus, a free loop, as opposed to a based loop used in the definition of the fundamental group, is a map from the circle to the space without the basepoint-preserving restriction. Assuming the space is path-connected, free homotopy classes of free loops correspond to conjugacy classes in the fundamental group.

Recently, interest in the space of all free loops ${\displaystyle LX}$ has grown with the advent of string topology, i.e. the study of new algebraic structures on the homology of the free loop space.

• Loop space
• Loop (topology)
• Quasigroup

• Brylinski, Jean-Luc: Loop spaces, characteristic classes and geometric quantization. Reprint of the 1993 edition. Modern Birkhäuser Classics. Birkhäuser Boston, Inc., Boston, MA, 2008.
• Cohen and Voronov: Notes on String Topology

Turle knot
The Turle knot as described in 1886
Names	Turle knot, Major Turle’s Knot
Category	Hitch
Typical use	Fishing

A turle knot is a knot used while fishing for tying a hook or fly to a leader. It is named after Major William Greer Turle, a 19th-century English angler who popularized the knot but did not claim to have invented it. Turle was a contemporary of Frederic M. Halford and fished the chalkstreams of Hampshire with Halford in the late 19th century and was an early pioneer in the use of eyed hooks for fly fishing.^[1] It has sometimes, wrongly, been referred to as the turtle knot.^[2]

H. Cholmondeley-Pennell is his 1886 edition of Modern Improvements in Fishing Tackle and Fish Hooks described the Turle Knot thus:

For attachment to a bare hook I have been hitherto in the habit of using a very ingenious knot invented by Major Turle, and known under his name.* Attached to the turn-down eyed hook it answers excellently well, as I can testify from experience, having used nothing else for many weeks in sea and river fishing, when the catch amounted to some thousands of whiting, mackerel, gurnets, flat-fish, &c., and also in legering and float-fishing on the Thames and Norfolk Broads for bream, roach, barbel, chub, perch, and gudgeon.^[3]

• List of knots

• Video instructions on how to tie a Turle Knot
• Tying instructions
• Background on William Greer Turle

In the mathematical field of knot theory, Fox n-coloring is a method of specifying a representation of a knot group or a group of a link (not to be confused with a link group) onto the dihedral group of order n where n is an odd integer by coloring arcs in a link diagram (the representation itself is also often called a Fox n-coloring). Ralph Fox discovered this method (and the special case of tricolorability) “in an effort to make the subject accessible to everyone” when he was explaining knot theory to undergraduate students at Haverford College in 1956. Fox n-coloring is an example of a conjugation quandle.

Let L be a link, and let ${\displaystyle \pi }$ be the fundamental group of its complement. A representation ${\displaystyle \rho }$ of ${\displaystyle \pi }$ onto ${\displaystyle D_{2n}}$ the dihedral group of order 2n is called a Fox n-coloring (or simply an n-coloring) of L. A link L which admits such a representation is said to be n-colorable, and ${\displaystyle \rho }$ is called an n-coloring of L. Such representations of groups of links had been considered in the context of covering spaces since Reidemeister in 1929. [Actually, Reidemeister fully explained all this in 1926, on page 18 of “Knoten und Gruppen” in Hamburger Abhandlungen 5. The name “Fox coloring” was given to it much later by mathematicians who probably couldn’t read German.] Fox’s preferred term for so-called “Fox 3-coloring” was “property L”; see Exercise 6 on page 92 of his book “Introduction to Knot Theory” (1963).

The group of a link is generated by paths from a basepoint in ${\displaystyle S^{3}}$ to the boundary of a tubular neighbourhood of the link, around a meridian of the tubular neighbourhood, and back to the basepoint. By surjectivity of the representation these generators must map to reflections of a regular n-gon. Such reflections correspond to elements ${\displaystyle ts^{i}}$ of the dihedral group, where t is a reflection and s is a generating (${\displaystyle 2\pi /n}$) rotation of the n-gon. The generators of the group of a link given above are in bijective correspondence with arcs of a link diagram, and if a generator maps to ${\displaystyle ts^{i}\in D_{2p}}$ we color the corresponding arc ${\displaystyle i\in \mathbb {Z} /p\mathbb {Z} }$. This is called a Fox n-coloring of the link diagram, and it satisfies the following properties:

• At least two colors are used (by surjectivity of ${\displaystyle \rho }$).
• Around a crossing, the average of the colors of the undercrossing arcs equals the color of the overcrossing arc (because ${\displaystyle \rho }$ is a representation of the group of the link).

A n-colored link yields a 3-manifold M by taking the (irregular) dihedral covering of the 3-sphere branched over L with monodromy given by ${\displaystyle \rho }$. By a theorem of Montesinos and Hilden, any closed oriented 3-manifold may be obtained this way for some knot K and ${\displaystyle \rho }$ some tricoloring of K. This is no longer true when n is greater than three.

The number of distinct Fox n-colorings of a link L, denoted

${\displaystyle \mathrm {col} _{n}(L),}$

is an invariant of the link, which is easy to calculate by hand on any link diagram by coloring arcs according to the coloring rules. When counting colorings, by convention we also consider the case where all arcs are given the same color, and call such a coloring trivial.

For example, the standard minimal crossing diagram of the Trefoil knot has 9 distinct tricolorings as seen in the figure:

• 3 “trivial” colorings (every arc blue, red, or green)
• 3 colorings with the ordering Blue→Green→Red
• 3 colorings with the ordering Blue→Red→Green

The set of Fox ‘n’-colorings of a link forms an abelian group ${\displaystyle C_{n}(K)\,}$, where the sum of two n-colorings is the n-coloring obtained by strandwise addition. This group splits as a direct sum

${\displaystyle C_{n}(K)\cong \mathbb {Z} _{n}\oplus C_{n}^{0}(K)\,}$,

where the first summand corresponds to the n trivial (constant) colors, and nonzero elements of ${\displaystyle C_{n}^{0}(K)}$ summand correspond to nontrivial n-colorings (modulo translations obtained by adding a constant to each strand).

If ${\displaystyle \#}$ is the connected sum operator and ${\displaystyle L_{1}}$ and ${\displaystyle L_{2}}$ are links, then

${\displaystyle \mathrm {col} _{n}(L_{1})\mathrm {col} _{n}(L_{2})=n\mathrm {col} _{n}(L_{1}\#L_{2}).}$

Let L be a link, and let π be the fundamental group of its complement, and let G be a group. A homomorphism ${\displaystyle \rho }$ of π to G is called a G-coloring of L.
A G-coloring of a knot diagram is an induced assigning an element of G to the strands of L such that, at each crossing, if c is the element of G assigned to the overcrossing strand and if a and b are the elements of G assigned to the two undercrossing strands, then a = c⁻¹ b c or b = c⁻¹ a c, depending on the orientation of the overcrossing strand. If the group G is dihedral of order 2n, this diagrammatic representation of a G-coloring reduces to a Fox n-coloring. The torus knot T(3,5) has only constant n-colorings, but for the group G equal to the alternating group A₅, T(3,5) has non-constant G-colorings.

• Richard H. Crowell, Ralph H. Fox, “An Introduction to Knot Theory”, Ginn and Co., Boston, 1963. MR 0146828
• Ralph H. Fox, A quick trip through knot theory, in: M. K. Fort (Ed.), “Topology of 3-Manifolds and Related Topics”, Prentice-Hall, NJ, 1961, pp. 120–167. MR 0140099
• Ralph H. Fox, Metacyclic invariants of knots and links, Canadian Journal of Mathematics 22 (1970) 193–201. MR 0261584
• Józef H. Przytycki, 3-coloring and other elementary invariants of knots. Banach Center Publications, Vol. 42, “Knot Theory”, Warszawa, 1998, 275–295.
• Kurt Reidemeister, Knoten und Verkettungen, Math. Z. 29 (1929), 713-729. MR 1545033

Turk’s head knot
Category	Decorative
Origin	Ancient
Related	Carrick mat
Typical use	Decorative
ABoK	1278–1401 (Chapter 17: The Turk’s-Head)
Instructions

A Turk’s head knot, sometimes known as a sailor’s knot, is a decorative knot with a variable number of interwoven strands forming a closed loop. The name refers to a general family of knots, not an individual knot. While this knot is typically made around a cylinder, it can also be formed into a flat, mat-like shape. Some variants can be arranged into a roughly spherical shape, akin to a monkey’s fist knot.^[1]

This knot is primarily used for tightening up underlying material to overlay as a tubular covering knot, prevent slipping, and add a decorative element. A notable practical use for the Turk’s head is to mark the “king spoke” of a ship’s wheel (the spoke that is upright when the rudder is in a central position). The knot takes its name from its resemblance to a turban (Turkish: sarık), though a turban is wound rather than interwoven.

Different types of Turk’s head knots are classified according to the number of leads and bights, as well as the method of construction. The number of bights is the number of crossings around the circumference of the cylinder. The number of leads refers to the number of strands around the circumference of the cylinder, before doubling, tripling, etc. Depending on the number of leads and bights, a Turk’s head may be tied using a single strand or multiple strands. Mathematically, the number of strands is the greatest common divisor of the number of leads and the number of bights. The knot may be tied with a single strand if and only if the two numbers are co-prime. For example, 3 lead × 5 bights (3×5), or 5 lead × 7 bights (5×7).

There are three general groupings of Turk’s head knots:

1. Narrow, where the number of leads is two or more less than the number of bights (3×5, or 3×7).
2. Long or wide, where the number of leads is two or more greater than the number of bights (5×3, or 16×7).
3. Square, where there is a difference of one between leads and bights (7×8 or 8×7).

The number of bights determines the shape found at the center. Three bights create a triangular shape, while four create a square. A two lead, 3 bight Turk’s head is a double overhand knot.^[2]

A two lead, three bight Turk’s head is also a trefoil knot if the ends are joined together. (2,n) alternating torus knots are (2,n) Turk’s head knots.^[3] ((p,q) = q times around a circle in the interior of the torus, and p times around its axis of rotational symmetry.) Turk’s head knots are easy to edit though hard to tie.

In the World Organization of the Scout Movement, the scarf rings called woggles to affix their neckerchiefs or scarfs are often variations of the Turk’s head knot. The Gilwell Woggle is worn by Scout Leaders who complete training courses to be awarded the Wood Badge insignia. It is an official part of the uniform.

• List of knots

• Grog. “Turk’s head knot”. Animated Knots. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
• Shurdington (UK Scouting) Turks head Knot
• So-You-Want to Make a Rope Rug Eh

The fourragère (French: [fuʁaʒɛʁ], from fourrage, “fodder”) is a military award, distinguishing military units as a whole, in the form of a braided cord. The award was first adopted by France, followed by other nations such as the Netherlands, Belgium, Portugal, and Luxembourg. Fourragères have been awarded to units of both national and foreign militaries, except for that of Luxembourg, which has not been awarded to any foreign units.

The origin of the award is not entirely certain, but at least two conjectural stories have been posited. The first involves Flemish soldiers serving under the Duke of Alva who were reported as having been cowardly in battle. The Duke threatened them all with hanging if they did not perform better in future engagements, and the soldiers, so insulted by the insinuation, took to wearing cords tied to large nails around their shoulders, as if to say “Hang me by this cord and nail if you see me run from battle.” Following this, the unit’s members performed so well that the rope and nail became a badge of honor.^[1]

The other is that to the extent that an aiguillette is a form of fourragère, the wearing of armor by European knights required the use of ropes with metal tabs and a squire to cinch the armor into place—the squire would carry these cords over his shoulder, hence the association with aides de camp.^[1]

Gen Graves B. Erskine wearing the fourragère with the cords hanging over the sleeve, a mark of being in the military unit when the award was made

1LT Alexander Woody, with the 82nd Airborne Division, wearing the fourragère that was awarded to the division for its performance at the Battle of Normandy in 1944; note the lack of outside cords

• The 5th Marine Regiment, the 6th Marine Regiment, and the 5th Machine Gun Battalion of the United States Marine Corps were awarded the fourragère for having earned the Croix de Guerre with palm leaf three times during World War I.
• The 9th Infantry Regiment, 23rd Infantry Regiment, 12th Field Artillery Regiment, 15th Field Artillery Regiment, 17th Field Artillery Regiment, 2nd Engineer Battalion, 1st Field Signal Battalion, 2nd Trench Artillery, 2nd Sanitary Train, 2nd Division, A.E.F., was awarded the French Croix de Guerre with Palm three times, and awarded the French fourragère for service during World War I campaigns at Chateau Thierry, Aisne-Marne, and Meuse-Argonne. In addition, because several U.S. soldiers were present in front-line action during each battle for which all the unit within the 2nd Division was awarded the Croix de Guerre, the French Government and U.S. Army Adjutant General allowed these soldiers to wear the fourragère as an individual decoration regardless of future unit assignment—a very rare honor. In total, 30,000 A.E.F. officers and men were certified to wear the French fourragère as an individual decoration, per the Final Report of the Secretary of War, 1922.
• During World War I, the 5th S.S.U. and 646th S.S.U. was awarded the fourragère aux couleurs du ruban de la médaille militaire.
• During World War II, the 16th, 18th, and 26th Infantry Regiments, the 5th and 7th Field Artillery Battalions, the 1st Engineer Battalion and the 1st Signal Company were awarded the fourragère aux couleurs du ruban de la médaille militaire.
• 17 French military units wear the fourragère of the Ordre de la Libération
• 370th Infantry Regiment (World War I)^[2]
• 82nd Airborne Division during the Battle of Normandy in June 1944.
• The 3rd Division (Marne Division) was awarded the Fourragère aux couleurs de la Croix de Guerre for service to France in WW II.
• The 79th Infantry Division was awarded the Fourragère aux couleurs de la Croix de Guerre for its actions in helping liberate Paris from June 1944 through 27 August 1944 and helping liberate Baccarat, Phalsbourg and Saverne from 21–24 November 1944.^[3]
• The 12th Field Artillery Regiment was awarded the French fourragère in World War I and the Belgian fourragère in World War II.
• The 102nd Cavalry Regiment was awarded the French and Belgian Croix de Guuerre in World War II.
• The 104th Infantry Regiment, 26th Infantry Division was awarded the French Croix de Guerre in World War I and World War II.
• The 121st Cavalry Squadron of the 106th Cavalry Group, XV Corps, was awarded the French Croix de Guerre and French fourragère for actions during World War II.
• The 143rd Infantry Regiment, 36th Division, Texas Army National Guard, was awarded the French Croix de Guerre in connection with its action fought at Meuse-Argonne during World War I.
• The 4th Infantry Division, consisting of the 8th, 12th (both cited twice) and the 22nd Infantry Regiments were awarded the Belgian fourragère for action in the Battle of the Bulge. The 8th Infantry was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for the Beaches of Normandy, the 12th Infantry for Luxembourg (Battle of the Bulge) and the 22nd Infantry received three Presidential Unit Citations for Carentan (France), St. Gillis_Marigny (France), and the Hurtgen Forest (Battle of the Bulge).
• The 2nd Infantry Division, 9th Infantry Division, 30th Infantry Division, 101st Airborne Division, 2nd Armored Division, 3rd Armored Division and 7th Armored Division was awarded the Belgian fourragère on July 13th, 1950 for their action in the Battle of the Bulge.

The Cabinet of the Netherlands granted the right to wear an Orange Lanyard to individual members of 3 United States Army units who actually participated in the ground operations of Operation Market Garden in 1944: The U.S. 82nd Airborne Division by ministerial decree of 8 October 1945, the U.S. 101st Airborne Division on 20 September 1946 and on 20 April 1982 to glider pilots of the IXth U.S. Air Force Troop Carrier Command who were ‘forgotten’ in 1945 and 1946. (The Orange Lanyard was not awarded to the 1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom) because the British soldiers were not authorized to wear foreign lanyards).

The Orange Lanyard has nothing to do with the Military Order of William. This persistent misconception among many militaria collectors, primarily in the United States, arises from the fact that the orange fourragere was awarded to individual members of the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division by Ministerial Decree of October 8, 1945, the very same day that the Military Order of William 4th Class (RMWO4) was awarded by Royal Decree (RD) No. 30 to the unit colours of the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division.^[16]

The Belgian fourragère of 1940 was created by Prince Charles of Belgium, Regent of the Kingdom to honor certain military formations that distinguished themselves during the Second World War. It consists of three cords terminated by a knot and a metal tag, and is braided in red and green; the colors of the Belgian Croix de guerre of 1940. The fourragère is in cotton for non-commissioned officers and soldiers and in silk for officers.

The Luxembourg Army currently awards an orange and blue fourragère.^[17]

Portugal has three fourragères: the War Cross (red and green), the Military Valor Medal (blue and white) and the Order of the Tower and Sword (solid blue).

The Vietnam Gallantry Cross is the equivalent of the French Croix de Guerre. It was created by Decree No 74-b/Qt dated 15 August 1950 and Decree No 96/DQT/HC dated 2 May 1952. Both individuals (denoted by a star) and formations (denoted by a palm) cited for gallantry were awarded the decoration. Formations that were awarded the Gallantry Cross for two or more occasions were initially authorized to wear a fourragère.^[18]

The Vietnam Civil Action is another of the South Vietnamese fourragères. In appearance it resembled the Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry, but rather than yellow and red, it was green and red. Formations that were awarded the medal or emblem for two or more occasions are authorized to wear a fourragère. Many units and individuals were awarded one award, but few were presented with a second award.^[19]

Fourragères are often worn as decorative items to liven up ceremonial uniforms in military, police, and cadet organisations. Members of the United States and Canadian 1st Special Service Force wore a red, white, and blue fourragère made out of parachute shroud lines without having earned them in any particular form of military engagement.^[20]

• Aiguillette

In mathematics, the tunnel number of a knot, as first defined by Bradd Clark, is a knot invariant, given by the minimal number of arcs (called tunnels) that must be added to the knot so that the complement becomes a handlebody. The tunnel number can equally be defined for links. The boundary of a regular neighbourhood of the union of the link and its tunnels forms a Heegaard splitting of the link exterior.

• The unknot is the only knot with tunnel number 0.
• The trefoil knot has tunnel number 1. In general, any nontrivial torus knot has tunnel number 1.^[1]

Every link L has a tunnel number. This can be seen, for example, by adding a ‘vertical’ tunnel at every crossing in a diagram of L. It follows from this construction that the tunnel number of a knot is always less than or equal to its crossing number.

• Clark, Bradd (1980), “The Heegaard Genus Of Manifolds Obtained By Surgery On Links And Knots”, International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences, 3 (3): 583–589, doi:10.1155/S0161171280000440
• Boileau, Michel; Lustig, Martin; Moriah, Yoav (1994), “Links with super-additive tunnel number”, Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 115 (1): 85–95, Bibcode:1994MPCPS.115…85B, doi:10.1017/S0305004100071930, MR 1253284.
• Kobayashi, Tsuyoshi; Rieck, Yo’av (2006), “On the growth rate of the tunnel number of knots”, Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, 2006 (592): 63–78, arXiv:math/0402025, doi:10.1515/CRELLE.2006.023, MR 2222730.
• Scharlemann, Martin (1984), “Tunnel number one knots satisfy the Poenaru conjecture”, Topology and Its Applications, 18 (2–3): 235–258, doi:10.1016/0166-8641(84)90013-0, MR 0769294.
• Scharlemann, Martin (2004), “There are no unexpected tunnel number one knots of genus one”, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 356 (4): 1385–1442, arXiv:math/0106017, doi:10.1090/S0002-9947-03-03182-9, MR 2034312.